Turkish origin
The first historical references to the Turks appear in Chinese records from 200 BC to obtain these records, the tribes as Hsiung-nu (an early form of the Western term Hun), in an area of the Altai Mountains, Lake Baykal , and the northern edge of the Gobi desert living was limited and probably the ancestors of the Turks (see Figure 3). to identify the specific references in Chinese sources in the sixth century AD, the tribal kingdom under the designation Tu-Kue is located south of Lake Baikal on the Orkhon. The khans (chiefs) of this tribe accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Tang Dynasty. The earliest known example of writing in a Turkic language were found in this area and is dated around 730 AD.
Other Turkish nomads from the Altai region founded the Görtürk Empire, a confederation of tribes under a dynasty whose influence Khan extended during the sixth to eighth centuries from the Aral Sea to the Hindu Kush in the land bridge as Transoxania known (ie the Oxus). The Görtürks have been recruited to have known of a Byzantine emperor in the seventh century as allies against the Sassanid Empire. In the eighth century, separate Turkish tribes, among them the Oguz, moved south of the river Oxus, while others migrated west to the north coast of the Black Sea.
Great Seljuks
The Turkish migration to the sixth century were part of a general movement of peoples from Central Asia during the first millennium AD that was influenced by a number of interrelated factors – climatic changes, the burden of growing population on a fragile pastoral economy and the pressure stronger neighbors also on the move. Among those that have been migrated to the Oguz Turks, who had converted to Islam in the tenth century. They established themselves around Bukhara in Transoxania under their khan, Seljuk. Split by dissension among the tribes, moved a branch of the Oguz, led by the descendants of the Seljuks, the West and in the service of the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.
The Turkish horsemen, must like gazis in tribal organized bands known to defend the borders of the caliphate, often against their own relatives. However, in 1055 a Seljuk khan, Tugrul Bey, occupied at the head of a army of Mameluke and composed gazis (slave-soldiers, of which a series of military leaders and rulers was Baghdad). Tugrul forced the caliph (the spiritual head of Islam), to recognize him as sultan, or temporal leader, in Persia and Mesopotamia. While they were engaged in the State Building, the Seljuks were also shows how the champions of Sunni (see Glossary) against the religion of Islam Shia (see Glossary) sect. Tugrul’s successor Mehmet ibn Daud (r. 1063-1072) – better known as Alp Arslan, who is preparing known known as the “Lion Hero” – for a campaign against the Shiite Fatimids in Egypt, but was forced to divert his attention to Anatolia by the gazis , depended on their endurance and mobility of the Seljuks.The Seljuk elite could not persuade these gazis as part of a bureaucratic Persian state, content with the collection of taxes and patrol the trade routes to live. Each year thegazis cut deeper into Byzantine territory and under attack victim to their tradition. Some as mercenaries in the wars of the Byzantine aristocracy was private, and occasionally on land, they had met. The Seljuks in Anatolia, followed thegazis retain some control over them. In 1071 Alp Arslan routed the Byzantine army near Lake Van Manzikert, open to all, the conquest by the Turks in Anatolia.
Armenia had been annexed by the Byzantine Empire in 1045, but religious animosity between the Armenians and the Greeks prevented these two Christian peoples from cooperating against the Turks at the border. Although Christianity had as the official religion of the state by King Titidates III, n. 300 BC, was adopted almost 100 years before similar action in the Roman Empire was the Armenians were a form of Christianity in conflict with the Orthodox tradition of the Greek Church rebuilt, and they had their own patriarchate independent Constantinople.After its conquest by the Sassanid 400, their religion, they will be bound together as one nation and the inspiration for a flowering of Armenian culture in the fifth century. fell as their homeland to the Seljuks in the late eleventh century, large numbers of Armenians were dispersed throughout the Byzantine Empire, many of them in Constantinople, where in its centuries of decline they generals and statesmen as well as craftsmen, builders and settlement trader.
Sultanate of Rum
Within ten years after the battle of the Seljuks Manzikert had control of the most successful Anatolia.Although won in the west, the Seljuk sultanate in Baghdad reeled under attacks by the Mongols in the east and was able – ready, in fact - to exercise their authority directly in Anatolia. The cut gazis are a number of states under the nominal suzerainty of Baghdad, states that constantly reinforced by further Turkish immigration. The strongest of these states to emerge was the Seljuk sultanate of Rum (Rome, “ie, Byzantine Empire), the capital city of Konya (Konya) was had. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Rum became dominant on the other Turkish states (see Figure 4) ..
The society and economy of the Anatolian countryside were unchanged by the Seljuk Turks were ousted Byzantine officials simply had a new elite, the Turkish and Muslim. Conversion to Islam and the introduction of the language, customs and traditions of the Turks progressed steadily in the country, facilitated by intermarriage. The division increased, but between the unrulygazi warriors and the state-building bureaucracy in Konya.
The Crusades
The success of the Seljuk Turks, calls for a response from Latin Europe in the form of the First Crusade. launched a counter-offensive of the Byzantine emperor, with the help of the Crusaders in 1097 to life dealt the Seljuks a decisive defeat. Konya fell to the Crusaders, and after a few years of campaigning Byzantine rule was restored in the western third of Anatolia.
Although a Turkish revival in the 1140s were wiped out many of the Christian gains greater damage to the security of Byzantine dynastic strife in Constantinople in which the largely French contingents of the Fourth Crusade and their Venetian allies intervened done. In 1204 these crusaders Count Baldwin of Flanders in the Byzantine capital as emperor of the so-called Latin Empire of Constantinople, dismembering the old realm into tributary states transplanted, were intact, installed in the West European feudal institutions. Independent Greek kingdoms in Nicaea and Trebizond (now Trabzon), in the Byzantine provinces of Epirus alone. Turks allied with Greeks in Anatolia against the Latins and the Greeks with the Turks against the Mongols.1261 Michael Palaeologus of Nicaea drove the Latins from Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire re-established, but essentially as a Balkan country in the region and the north-western Anatolia Thrace reduced.
Seljuk Rum survived in the late thirteenth century as a vassal of the Mongols, who had already subjugated the Great Seljuk sultanate in Baghdad. Mongol influence in the region had disappeared by the 1330s, gaziamirates compete for dominance. From the chaotic conditions that prevailed throughout the Middle East, however, a new power emerged in Anatolia – the Ottoman Turks.
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